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THE EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES PICTURE...................................................... 201
South African employment and incomes at a glance....................... 201
THE OVERALL PICTURE................................................................................................ 202
Labour market trends.................................................................................................... 202
Labour market trends, 2001 and 2009 ............................................... 202
Labour market trends, 2008–09........................................................... 203
Labour market participation and absorption rates................................................ 204
Labour market participation rate, 2001–09....................................... 204
Labour market participation rate by race and sex, 2009................. 204
Labour force participation rate, selected countries,
1990 and 2007..................................................................................... 205
Labour force absorption rate, 2001–09.............................................. 206
Economically active population.................................................................................. 206
Definition................................................................................................... 206
Economically active population by race, 2001–09.......................... 207
Economically active population by race, 2001–09
(wider definition of unemployment)................................................ 207
Economically active population by race and sex, 2009.................. 208
EMPLOYMENT.................................................................................................................... 209
Overall employment by economic sector and industry, 2001, 2008, 2009..... 209
Overall employment by economic sector and industry,
2001, 2008, 2009................................................................................ 209
Change in overall employment by economic sector and
industry, 2001–09............................................................................... 210
Employment by industry, sex, and race................................................................. 211
Employment by industry and sex, 2001 and 2009........................... 211
Employment by industry, sex, and race, 2008–09............................ 212
Employment by occupation, 2009....................................................... 217
Employment by occupation and type, 2009...................................... 217
Employment by occupation, race, and sex, 2009
(actual numbers).................................................................................. 218
Employment by occupation, race, and sex, 2009 (proportions)..... 219
Employment equity employment by occupation, race, and
sex, 2007 (proportions)....................................................................... 220
Employment in the public sector............................................................................. 221
Total number of state employees, 1999–2008.................................. 221
Breakdown by department.................................................................... 221
Breakdown by race and sex.................................................................. 222
Characteristics of the employed.............................................................................. 222
Employment by age group, 2009......................................................... 222
Employment by highest level of education, 2009............................. 222
Informal employment............................................................................................... 223
Informal employment by industry, 2008–09..................................... 223
Informal employment by occupation, 2008–09............................... 224
Change in informal employment by occupation, 2008–09............ 224
Segments of the working population....................................................................... 225
Non-agricultural, non-domestic formal sector................................................ 225
Non-agricultural, non-domestic, formal private and public sector
employment, 2007–09....................................................................... 225
Formal sector (non-agricultural) by industry, 2004–09.................... 225
Agriculture.............................................................................................................. 226
Employment in agriculture by type of employment, 2001–09....... 226
Number of paid workers in the formal agricultural sector
per province, 2007............................................................................... 226
Informal sector..................................................................................................... 227
Informal sector employment (non-agricultural) by industry,
2004–09................................................................................................ 227
Change in informal sector employment (non-agricultural)
by industry, 2004–09.......................................................................... 227
Productivity.................................................................................................................. 228
Change in total employment, real remuneration per worker,
and labour productivity in the non-agricultural, non-
domestic sector, 1994–2008............................................................. 228
UNEMPLOYMENT.............................................................................................................. 229
Unemployment numbers by race, 1994–2009.................................. 229
Number of unemployed (official definition), 1994–2009............... 231
Number of unemployed (wide definition), 1994–2009.................... 231
Unemployment rate by race, 1994–2009........................................... 232
Unemployment rate (official definition), 1994–2009...................... 233
Unemployment rate (wide definition), 1994–2009........................... 233
Unemployment by occupation and industry, 2008–09................... 234
Characteristics of the unemployed.......................................................................... 235
Characteristics of the unemployed, 2008–09.................................... 235
Unemployment by age group, 2008–09.............................................. 236
Unemployment rate by age group, 2008–09...................................... 236
Unemployed by highest level of education, 2008–09...................... 236
Unemployment by length of time, 2008–09...................................... 237
Unemployment by current marital status, 2008–09......................... 237
Unemployment levels, selected countries............................................................... 238
Unemployment rates, selected countries, 2009.................................. 238
UNDERUTILISATION AND NON-PARTICIPATION OF LABOUR...................... 239
Not economically active............................................................................................ 239
Persons not economically active, 2008–09........................................ 239
Underutilisation........................................................................................................... 240
Underutilisation of labour, 2008–09.................................................... 240
Underemployment...................................................................................................... 241
Time-related underemployment by industry, 2008–09.................... 241
Time-related underemployment by occupation, 2008–09.............. 242
Discouraged workseekers.......................................................................................... 243
Total number of discouraged workseekers, 1994–2007
(old definition)...................................................................................... 243
Defining the discouraged (new definition)........................................... 244
Total number of discouraged workseekers by race,
2001–09 (new definition)................................................................... 245
Discouraged workseekers, 2008–09 (new definition)........................ 245
Non-market activities................................................................................................. 246
Non-market activities, 2008–09........................................................... 246
PROVINCIAL LABOUR MARKET DATA.................................................................... 246
Overall data................................................................................................................. 246
Economically active population by province, 2009......................... 246
Trends 2008–09.......................................................................................................... 247
Labour market trends by province, 2008–09..................................... 247
Employment by industry........................................................................................... 249
Employment by industry and province, 2008–09............................. 249
Agriculture.................................................................................................................... 253
Number of paid workers in formal agricultural sector
per province, 2007............................................................................... 253
Unemployment........................................................................................................... 253
Unemployment numbers by province, 2004, 2008, 2009............... 253
Unemployment rate by province, 2004, 2008, 2009........................ 254
Unemployment rate by province, 2004, 2008, 2009
(official definition).............................................................................. 254
MUNICIPAL LABOUR MARKET DATA....................................................................... 255
Labour market status................................................................................................. 255
Labour market status by race............................................................... 255
Employment by industry........................................................................................... 261
Employment by industry........................................................................ 261
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE........................................................................................ 267
Wage trends...................................................................................................................... 267
Trends in average monthly earnings in formal non-agricultural
industries, 2007–08 (current prices)................................................. 267
Trends in average monthly earnings in formal non-agricultural
industries, 2007–08 (constant prices).............................................. 267
Incomes.............................................................................................................................. 268
Income levels and categories.................................................................................... 268
Number of households by income category and province, 2008... 268
Proportion of households by income category and province,
2008....................................................................................................... 269
Average household income by province............................................. 270
Personal monthly income by province, 2007 (numbers).................. 271
Personal monthly income by province, 2007 (proportions)............. 272
Personal monthly income, 2007 (proportions)................................... 272
Adults by race, income group, and sex, 2008 (numbers)................. 273
Adults by race and income group, 2008 (numbers).......................... 273
Adults by race, income group, and sex, 2008 (proportions)............ 274
Adults by income group and province, 2008 (numbers).................. 274
Adults by income group and province, 2008 (proportions)............. 275
Adults by income group and highest level of education,
2007 (proportions)............................................................................... 275
Adults by income group and highest level of education,
2007 (numbers).................................................................................... 276
Adults by income group and highest level of education,
2007 (proportions)............................................................................... 276
Remuneration of public servants: the executive, the National
Assembly, and the National Council of Provinces (NCOP)......... 277
Remuneration of public servants: provinces...................................... 278
Remuneration of public servants: local government........................ 278
Remuneration: traditional leaders........................................................ 279
Remuneration: the Judiciary................................................................. 279
Income sources........................................................................................................... 280
Number of households by main source of income by race,
2006–07................................................................................................ 280
Proportion of households by main source of income by race,
2006–07................................................................................................ 280
Proportion of households by main source of income by race
(African and other), 2007................................................................. 281
Income inequality....................................................................................................... 282
Gini co-efficient by race, 1996–2008.................................................. 282
Gini co-efficient by province and race, 2008..................................... 282
INCOME TRENDS................................................................................................................ 283
Long-term income trends.................................................................................... 283
Real personal disposable income per head by race,
1960 and 2007..................................................................................... 283
Personal disposable income share by race, 1960 and 2007............ 283
Real personal disposable income per head by race, 1960–2007.... 284
Personal disposable income by race, 1960 and 2007....................... 285
Medium-term income trends.............................................................................. 285
Personal annual income per head by province, 1996–2008........... 285
Household annual average income by province, 1996–2008........ 286
Annual total disposable income by race, 1996–2008...................... 287
Annual total disposable income by race, 1998 and 2008................ 288
Annual per capita income by race, 1996–2008................................. 289
Annual per capita income by race, 1998 and 2008.......................... 289
Annual average household income by race, 1996–2008................. 290
Annual average household income by race, 1998 and 2008.......... 290
Average per capita income by race...................................................... 291
Expenditure....................................................................................................................... 291
Household expenditure categories by race, 2006–07....................... 291
Household expenditure categories by race and sex, 2007............... 292
Household expenditure categories by sex, 2007................................ 292
Consumption..................................................................................................................... 293
Total and average household consumption expenditure
by main expenditure group, 2005/06.............................................. 293
Average annual household consumption expenditure
by province........................................................................................... 294
Distribution of household consumption expenditure
by main expenditure group, excluding imputed rent,
mortgage, and other unclassified expenses.................................... 295
Household consumption, 2005/06....................................................... 295
Private consumption expenditure by households, 1965–2008....... 296
Credit.................................................................................................................................. 297
Levels of indebtedness by province, 2008.......................................... 297
Sources of credit....................................................................................... 297
Living Standards Measures.......................................................................................... 298
Living standards measures by age, race, income, and
province, 2008..................................................................................... 299
LSMs, change over time, 2001–08....................................................... 301
POVERTY............................................................................................................................... 302
Poverty trends.............................................................................................................. 302
Number and proportion of people living on less than $1/day,
1996–2008........................................................................................... 302
Number of people living on less than US$1 a day, 1996–2008...... 302
Number of people living in relative poverty by race,
1996–2008........................................................................................... 303
Proportion of people living in relative poverty by race,
1996–2008........................................................................................... 303
Proportion of people living in relative poverty, 1998 and 2008...... 304
The poverty gap.......................................................................................................... 304
The poverty gap by race, 1996–2008 (in millions of rands)............ 304
The poverty gap by race, 1998 and 2008........................................... 305
Provincial poverty....................................................................................................... 305
Poverty levels: people living in poverty by province and race,
2008 (actual numbers)....................................................................... 305
Poverty levels: people living in poverty by province and race,
2008 (proportions)............................................................................... 306
Proportion of people living on less than $1 per day by province,
1996–2008........................................................................................... 306
Number of people living on less than $1 per day by province,
1996–2008........................................................................................... 307
Proportion of people living on less than $1 per day by province,
1996–2008........................................................................................... 308
Municipal poverty...................................................................................................... 309
Poverty rate by district municipality.................................................... 309