Employment & Incomes

The Employment and Incomes chapter is a 101-page report of who in South Africa earns how much through doing what and where they do it. Labour market trends are broken down over a decade as well as by race, sex, age, and location. A ten-year review of the working environment by sector, industry, race, and sex is provided. Employment trends by the state including in state-owned enterprises are given. A review of informal sector work trends over the past six years is provided. On unemployment, this report provides trends over six years for unemployment numbers on both the broad and narrow definitions, age groups, gender categories, length of time unemployed, the relationship between skills and unemployment, and even unemployment by marital status. International unemployment comparisons are drawn. Six pages are devoted to the underutilisation of labour in South Africa, including data on the non-market activities of discouraged workers. Income trends are assessed for both individuals and households, by category of income, sex, education, source of income, and race. Both ten and fifty-year trends for disposable income are provided. Six pages are devoted to expenditure and consumption patterns as well as credit patterns. Living Standard Measures are provided for 2001-2009. The report concludes with national, provincial, and local authority poverty trends measured on both the $1/day and $2/day indicators.

EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES
THE EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES PICTURE
South African employment and incomes at a glance

THE OVERALL EMPLOYMENT PICTURE
Labour market trends
Labour market trends, 2001 and 2010
Labour market trends, 2009–10
Labour market participation and absorption rates
Labour market participation rate, 2001–10
Labour market participation rate by race and sex, 2010
Labour force participation and unemployment rates, selected countries, 1990 and 2007
Labour force absorption rate, 2001–10
Economically active population
Definition
Economically active population by race, 2001–10
Economically active population by race and sex, 2010

EMPLOYMENT
Overall employment by economic sector and industry, 2001, 2009, and 2010
Overall employment by economic sector and industry, 2001, 2009, and 2010
Change in overall employment by economic sector and industry, 2001–10 and 2009–10
Employment by industry, sex, and race
Employment by industry and sex, 2001 and 2010
Employment by industry, sex, and race, 2009–10
Employment by occupation
Employment by occupation, 2001 and 2010
Proportion of employment by occupation, 2001 and 2010
Employment by occupation, race, and sex, 2010 (actual numbers)
Employment by occupation, race, and sex, 2010 (proportions)
Employment equity employment by occupation, race, and sex, 2009 (proportions)
Employment equity top management employment by race, sex, and industry, 2009
Employment in management by race and sex, 2000–08
Breakdown of top management by race and sex, 2008
Proportion of black employees in the workforce at different levels of seniority, 1994–2009
Employment in the public sector
The public service
State employees
Total number of state employees, 1999–2008
State employees as a proportion of total employment, 1999–2010
Number of state employees by sex, 2010
Number of state employees by race, 2010
Breakdown of state employees by race and sex, 2010
Number of employees in national departments and agencies by race, 2010
State-owned enterprises
Number and proportion of employees in state-owned enterprises by race and sex, 2010
Government employees
Number of government employees by level of government, 2010
Characteristics of the employed
Employment by age group, 2010
Employment by highest level of education, 2010
Segments of the working population
Non-agricultural, non-domestic formal sector
Non-agricultural, non-domestic, formal private and public sector employment, 2008 and 2010
Formal sector (non-agricultural) employment by industry, 2004–10
Agriculture
Employment in agriculture by type of employment, 2001–10
Number of paid workers in the formal agricultural sector by province, 2007
Expanded Public Works Programme
Number and average length of work opportunities created by the EPWP, 2004/05–2010/11
Informal sector
Informal sector employment (non-agricultural) by industry, 2004–10
Productivity
Change in total employment, real remuneration per worker, and labour productivity in the non-agricultural, nondomestic sector, 1994–2009

UNEMPLOYMENT
Statistics
Unemployment numbers by race, 1994–2010
Number of unemployed (official definition), 1994–2010
Number of unemployed (wide definition), 1994–2010
Unemployment rate by race, 1994–2010 (official and wide definition)
Unemployment rate (official definition), 1994–2010
Unemployment rate (wide definition), 1994–2010

EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES ONLINE
South African Institute of Race Relations South Africa Survey 2009/2010

EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES ONLINE
South African Institute of Race Relations South Africa Survey 2009/2010
Unemployment by industry and occupation, 2010
Characteristics of the unemployed
Categories of unemployed people, 2010
Unemployment by age group, 2010
Unemployment rate by age group, 2010
Unemployment numbers and rate by age, race, and sex, 2010
Unemployment by highest level of education, 2010
Unemployment by length of time, 2010
Unemployment by current marital status, 2010
International comparisons
Unemployment rates, selected countries, 2010

UNDERUTILISATION AND NON-PARTICIPATION OF LABOUR
Not economically active
Persons not economically active, 2010
Underutilisation
Underutilisation of labour, 2010
Underemployment
Time-related underemployment by industry, 2010
Time-related underemployment by occupation, 2010
Discouraged workseekers
Total number of discouraged workseekers, 1994–2007 (old definition)
Defining the discouraged (new definition)
Total number of discouraged workseekers, 2001–2010 (new definition)
Discouraged workseekers by race, 2001–10 (new definition)
Discouraged workseekers by race and sex, 2009–10 (new definition)
Non-market activities
Non-market activities, 2009–10

PROVINCIAL LABOUR MARKET DATA
Overall data
Economically active population by province, 2010
Trends
Labour market trends by province, 2009–10
Employment by industry
Employment by industry and province, 2009–10
Agriculture
Number of paid workers in formal agricultural sector by province, 2007
Formal and informal sectors
Formal and informal sector employment by province, 2003 and 2008
Unemployment
Unemployment numbers by province, 2005, 2009, and 2010
Unemployment rate by province, 2005, 2009, and 2010
Unemployment rate by province, 2005, 2009, and 2010 (official definition)
Unemployment rate by province, 2005, 2009, and 2010 (wide definition)

MUNICIPAL LABOUR MARKET DATA
Labour market status
Labour market status by race, 2007

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
Wage trends
Average monthly earnings in formal non-agricultural industries, 2009–10 (current prices)
Average monthly earnings in formal non-agricultural industries, 2009–10 (constant prices)
Average monthly earnings in formal non-agricultural employment in the public and private sectors, 2000–10
Number of paid employees in agriculture and average monthly earnings by province, 2007
Incomes
Income levels and categories
Households
Number of households by income category and province, 2009
Proportion of households by income category and province, 2009
Individuals
Adults by race, income group, and sex, 2009 (numbers)
Adults by race and income group, 2009 (numbers)
Adults by race, income group, and sex, 2009 (proportions)
Adults by income group and province, 2009 (numbers)
Adults by income group and province, 2009 (proportions)
Adults by income group and highest level of education, 2009 (numbers)
Adults by income group and highest level of education, 2009 (proportions)
Number and proportion of affluent individuals by race, age, and province, 2009
Income sources
Households’ sources of income by race, 2009
Number and proportion of small-scale non-metro households with access to land by main source of income, 2006
Income inequality
Gini co-efficient by race and location, 1993, 2000, and 2008

EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES ONLINE 6
South African Institute of Race Relations South Africa Survey 2009/2010
EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES ONLINE 7
South African Institute of Race Relations South Africa Survey 2009/2010
Gini co-efficient by race, 1996–2009
Gini co-efficient by province and race, 2009
Income trends
Very long-term income trends
Annual per capita personal income by race, 1917–2008
Annual per capita personal income by race as a proportion of white levels, 1917–2008
Ratio of white per capita personal income to that of other races, 1917–2008
Long-term income trends
Real personal disposable income per head by race, 1960 and 2007
Personal disposable income share by race, 1960 and 2007
Real personal disposable income per head by race, 1960–2007
Personal disposable income by race, 1960 and 2007
African and white annual per capita disposable income, 1960, 1996, and 2007
Medium-term income trends
Aggregate income
Annual total disposable income by race, 1996–2009
Annual total disposable income by race, 1999 and 2009
Household income
Annual average household income by race, 1996–2008
Annual average household income by race, 1998 and 2008
Annual average household income by province, 1996–2008
Personal income
Personal annual income per head by province, 1996–2009
Annual per capita income by race, 1996–2009
Annual per capita income by race, 1999 and 2009
Expenditure
Household expenditure categories by race, 2008–09
Household expenditure categories by race and sex, 2009
Household expenditure categories by sex, 2009
Expenditure by race and main expenditure group (proportions), 2008
Consumption
Distribution of final household consumption by main expenditure group, 1949–2009
Final household consumption expenditure, 2009
Final consumption expenditure by households, 1959 and 2009
Proportion of final consumption expenditure by households, 2009
Average annual household consumption expenditure by province, 2005/06
Credit
Levels of indebtedness by province, 2008
Sources of credit, 2008
Living Standards Measures
Living standards measures by age, race, income, and province, 2009
LSMs, change over time, 2001–09

POVERTY
National trends
Poverty measures by race and sex, 1993, 2000, and 2008
Number and proportion of people living on less than $1 a day, 1996–2009
Number of people living on less than $1 a day, 1996–2009
Number and proportion of people living on less than $2 a day, 1996–2009
Number of people living on less than $2 a day, 1996–2009
Number of people living in relative poverty by race, 1996–2009
Proportion of people living in relative poverty by race, 1996–2009
Proportion of people living in relative poverty, 1999 and 2009
Provincial trends
Number of people living on less than $1 a day by province, 1996–2009
Proportion of people living on less than $1 a day by province, 1996–2009
Number of people living on less than $2 a day by province, 1996–2009
Proportion of people living on less than $2 per day by province, 1996–2009
Poverty levels: people living in poverty by province and race, 2009 (actual numbers)
Poverty levels: people living in poverty by province and race, 2009 (proportions)
Municipal poverty
Poverty rate by district municipality, 2007